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A fake shabu laboratory in Davao?

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WARNING. Davao City Mayor Rody Duterte warns plotters out to embarrass him and Davao City. Screengrab from video of Editha Z. Caduaya/Rappler

It's the season for campaign operations even as the official campaign season has yet to officially begin. Political camps are steeling themselves for black and gray propaganda alike that could be aimed at them by enemies.

On Monday, January 25, vice presidential candidate Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr was at the receiving end of a supposed DNA test that allegedly showed matching results with presidential candidate Grace Poe. The source of test results turned out to be questionable.

On the same day, during a command conference of military and police officials in Davao City, another presidential candidate, Rodrigo Duterte, was warned there was verified information that a group of drug enforcers are in Davao to "set up" a shabu laboratory and conduct raids to embarrass him. The raid will supposedly be conducted on the eve of the campaign period for candidates seeking national posts.

COMMAND CONFERENCE. Military and police officials brief Davao City Mayor Rodrigo Duterte about intelligence information on January 26, 2016. Screengrab from video of Editha Caduaya/Rappler

"The great raid" as the operation is called, will reportedly involve agents from the Philippine Drugs Enforcement Agency (PDEA) and Criminal Investigation and Detection group (CIDG), Duterte disclosed. Officials from the two agencies were noticeably absent during the said conference Monday night.

Duterte had declared that if he wins as president, he would launch a 24/7 campaign against drugs and criminality.

He told reporters, “There are operatives who are in Davao right now and we suspect they will make rounds of raids here, mag-flood ng shabu, may dala na yan silang shabu kunyari marami ang raids nila, mag-set up ng factory ng shabu. Ngayon alam ko na.” (They will flood us with shabu, they would bring shabu and pretend to stage a lot of raids, set up a factory of shabu. Now I know.)

Duterte warned drug enforcers not to fabricate evidence to embarrass him and the people of Davao about the existence of a shabu laboratory in his city.

"Kay may sufficient warning kana, do not commit a crime here, do not import shabu," he continued. (Because there's sufficient warning, do not commit a crime here, do not import shabu.) 

Intelligence officers sympathetic to him passed on the information to the presidential contender who couldn't help but warn during a midnight press conference on January 25, "I know you are here, so it cannot be murder kung patayin kita (if I kill you)." – Editha Z. Caduaya/Rappler.com


FAST FACTS: PH-Japan relations through good and bad times

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60 YEARS. It has been 6 decades since the normalization of diplomatic affairs between the Philippines and Japan.

MANILA, Philippines – The Emperor and Empress of Japan arrived in the Philippines on Tuesday, January 26 for a 5-day visit.

The state visit of Emperor Akihito and Empress Michiko also coincides with the 60th year of “normalization of diplomatic affairs between the Philippines and Japan. (READ: PH visit of Japanese emperor, empress set for January)

The Philippines was occupied by Japan for almost 3 years during the World War II in the 1940s. During this period, the Japanese military authorities organized a new government structure – often referred to as a "puppet government" – under which a number of Filipinos served. 

The two countries have gone a long way from the wartime period – when at least 7,000 soldiers died in the Bataan Death March alone – and have since established a relationship based on cooperation and mutual trust.

During his state visit in June, President Benigno Aquino III said the Philippines and Japan "know what it is like to overcome the scars of the past and build ties of friendship that promote each other’s stability and prosperity." (READ: Aquino: PH-Japan ties 'global example of cooperation')

We've collated information on bilateral relations in the past 6 decades between the Philippines and Japan:

Japan is the Philippines’ largest trading partner

Japan continues to account for a majority of the country's foreign trade. It has been the top trading partner of the Philippines for many years.

In the first semester of 2015, Japan accounted for 14.7% or $8.765 billion of the country’s total foreign trade.

 CountryPercent
First semester 201514.7%
201415%
201314.5%
201214.3%
201114.2%
201013.7%

Primary exported goods to Japan are electronic products and woodcraft and furnitures. A bulk of the imported goods from Japan, meanwhile, are electronic products and transport equipments.

One of the biggest foreign groups in Japan are Filipinos

The population of Filipinos in Japan is the 3rd largest group of foreign national residents with 217,585 of them as of 2014, according to the Japan Statistical Yearbook. This number accounts for Filipinos who are medium to long-term and special permanent residents.

Data from the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration indicate that there were 12,815 deployed land-based overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) in Japan in 2014.

The number of OFWs has been increasing in recent years, most especially between 2013 and 2014.

YearNumber of land-based OFWs
201412,815
201310,936
20129,947
20119,285
20105,398

These OFWs remit an average of P42,000 ($878)* a month to their families in the Philippines, according to the Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). Total OFW cash remittances from Japan amounted to $981,882,000 (P50 billion) in 2014. (READ: Which countries sent the most OFW remittances?)

Meanwhile, there are 17,702 Japanese nationals residing in the Philippines.

Japan has helped the Philippines, from roads to health centers for many decades

Japan has been extending help to the Philippines through the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) since 1974. However, it started helping the country through the Colombo Plan in 1954.

From 1967 to 2008, the Philippines received Official Development Assistance (ODA) from the Japanese government amounting to at least $20.56 billion (P983 billion). This figure makes the country the 4th largest recipient of ODA, next to other Asian countries like Indonesia, China, and India.

Through ODA, Japan has helped construct and improve infrastructure in the Philippines. These include major arterial highways, bridges, airports, railways, and ports.

A total of P118 billion ($2.4 billion) was allocated in 2010 for national highway projects, namely, the Philippine-Japan Friendship Highway, the Subic-Clark-Tarlac Expressway, Iloilo Airport, and the Mindanao Container Terminal, among others.

Just last November 2015, Japan announced it is lending the Philippines P93.46 billion ($1.9 billion) for a 36.7-kilometer railway, which will connect Tutuban, Manila, and Malolos, Bulacan to ease traffic congestion.

From 1998 to 2009, meanwhile, Japan accounted for at least 50% of major irrigation projects in the Philippines. Within that decade, 39,000 hectares out of the 82,000 hectares of major national irrigated areas were funded by Japan.

For health, Japan helped established the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM) in the country through a grant in 1981.

Helping areas in Mindanao is one of Japan’s priorities in PH

One of the main pillars of Japan’s ODA is assisting conflict areas in Mindanao.

According to PSA, 10 out of the 16 poorest regions in the country are in Mindanao. The consequences of long-term conflict between government forces and Moro rebels have led to poverty and limited access to basic services in these areas. 

Through various projects, Japan remains firm and committed to alleviating poverty and aiming for sustainable peace in Mindanao and the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM).

JICA started assistance efforts to the region in 2002 through the ARMM Social Fund for Peace, which implemented 32 infrastructure projects and 707 community development projects.

Meanwhile, JICA’s Comprehensive Capacity Development Project (CCDP-B) which addresses the requirements of the proposed Bangsamoro region in its various transition stages. In 2015, the aid agency started 20 quick impact projects worth P73 million ($1.5 million). (READ: Amid Bangsamoro bill uncertainty, Japan continues to aid Mindanao)

Filipina comfort women: still no direct apology from Japan

Filipinas were among the more than 200,000 Asian women forced into sex in Japanese military brothels. They were known as "comfort women".

In the Philippines, several organizations have continuously lobbied for justice for the victims of wartime sex slavery, including Lila Pilipina, an organization of comfort women established in 1992. (READ: Comfort women to Aquino: Tackle our plight with Japanese emperor)

The group pleaded with President Benigno Aquino III to discuss their plight for justice during the state visit of the Japanese Emperor and Empress.

Their demands include a public apology, acknowledgment and inclusion of Filipina comfort women in history, and compensation from the Japanese government.

For its part, in 1993, Japan expressed its "sincere apologies and remorse to those who suffered immeasurable pain and incurable physical and psychological wounds as comfort women."

It has, however, so far only reached out to South Korea regarding compensation. In December 2015, Japan agreed with South Korea on the issue of wartime sex slaves, including a "heartfelt apology" and $8.3 million in compensation. (READ: S. Korea, Japan strike deal on ‘comfort women’)

Out of 174 initial members, Lila Pilipina said that 104 women have died. As old age catches up with the remaining 70, only time will tell if they will live to see a formal apology from Japan. – Rappler.com

*$1 = P47

Binay-Chiz for 2016? This campaign sticker says so

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BI-CHIZ FOR 2016? Rappler spotted a campaign sticker promoting the tandem of former allies Vice President Jejomar Binay and Senator Francis Escudero on a public utility bus. Photo by Rappler

Is there a brewing Noy-Bi part 2 in the form of a Binay-Chiz tandem?

A campaign sticker spotted on a public utility bus along EDSA is promoting the candidacy of Vice President Jejomar Binay for president and Senator Francis Escudero for vice president.

This comes months after Binay and Escudero met through a common friend in Davao City, sparking rumors of another underground tandem. (READ: Escudero on meeting Binay in Davao: Not much talk, but 'food was good'

Escudero earlier said the meeting with his former ally was not an act of betrayal against his presidential bet Senator Grace Poe. He then assured Poe she has nothing to worry about. (READ: Meeting with VP Binay not a betrayal of Grace Poe – Chiz

Rappler sought Escudero for comment but to no avail.

United Nationalist Alliance (UNA) president and Navotas Representative Toby Tiangco, for his part, denied UNA's role in the spread of the “Bi-Chiz” propaganda. 

Tiangco said it was the first time he saw the material and maintained UNA is all out for Senator Gregorio Honasan, Binay’s running mate. 

"UNA is 100% behind Gringo as our vice presidential candidate. If both Binay and Gringo win, Gringo will be in charge of peace and order. Among all VP (vice presidential) candidates, he is the best to solve our peace and order problems," Tiangco told Rappler in a text message.

Asked who might be behind this, Tiangco refused to point fingers as it is "hard to tell (who)."

"The loyal supporters of VP (Binay) will not do this," he said.

While Binay and Escudero now belong to different political camps, they have a rich history. Both were members of the Genuine Opposition during the term of former President Gloria Arroyo. They were also supporters of the late action star Fernando Poe Jr in the 2004 presidential elections.

2010 was a significant year for them, as Escudero supported the Noy-Bi tandem of Benigno Aquino III and Binay, instead of Aquino's running mate Manuel "Mar" Roxas II. During the latter part of the campaign, Escudero even came out with political advertisements promoting the former Makati City mayor.

As the saying goes, there are no permanent friends or enemies in politics. The two eventually went separate ways when Escudero chose to join the Team PNoy slate instead of Binay’s UNA during the 2013 elections. The senator also signed the Senate committee report recommending plunder charges against the Vice President.

No repeat of ‘Noy-Bi’ this time

To this day, Escudero maintained he never left Roxas when he endorsed Binay in 2010. After all, he said he could only leave someone who had been with him.

"Bakit ba ang laging sinasabi bakit 'di ko sinuportahan si Secretary Roxas? Bakit ba si Secretary Roxas, bakit hindi si Senator Loren (Legarda) na dati kong kasama sa NPC [Nationalist People’s Coalition]? Eh 'di kami nagkasama sa partido (ni Roxas)," Escudero said in a media forum on Thursday, January 28.

(Why do they always ask why I didn't support Secretary Roxas? Why is it always Secretary Roxas, why not Senator Loren (Legarda), my former party-mate in the NPC? (Roxas and I) never became party-mates.) 

Asked if he would do the same and leave Poe, Escudero said the Noy-Bi scenario in 2010 would not happen to their tandem.

"Hindi, dahil sa maraming bagay. Una ni hindi nga kami nagkasama para iwanan ko siya (Roxas). Sa relasyon sa pulitika o partido, pwede mo lang masabing iniwanan mo ang isang tao pag nagkasama kayo, ni hindi kami nagkasama para iwanan ko siya," Escudero said.

(No, because of many reasons. First, Roxas and I have never been together for me to leave him. In any relation in politics or parties, you can only say you left someone when you have been together. We haven't been together for me to leave him.)

‘Black propaganda’ vs Poe-Escudero

Rappler tried to reach Poe but to no avail. In the same January 28 forum, Poe reacted to Escudero’s possible support for another presidential bet and jokingly said: "Humanda siya sakin kung meron siyang gagawin na ganyan." 

(He better be ready for me if he does something like that.) 

In December at the height of Poe's disqualification, several of her supporters accused Escudero of being "Boy Laglag" (fair-weather ally) and "ahas" (snake).

Despite all the talk, Poe stands by her running mate. Escudero was FPJ’s spokesman in 2004 and also helped the relatively unknown Poe campaign during the 2013 senatorial elections.

The camp of Poe echoed this, adding the partnership is "rooted on friendship and mutual trust."

Poe’s spokesman, Valenzuela Mayor Rex Gatchalian, dismissed the Bi-Chiz stickers as "black propaganda" aimed to divide the "strongest tandem." 

"Those stickers are products of ill-minded individuals who want to drive a wedge between senators Poe and Escudero. Their black propaganda drive started with attacking the person of Senator Poe, now it’s geared towards attacking the tandem," Gatchalian told Rappler.

Even with unrelenting issues, he maintained Poe and Escudero would campaign as a solid tandem and urged detractors to stop the dirty tactics. 

“Our voters deserve better than the stunts they are pulling. One week from now senators Poe and Escudero will walk into the election cycle facing the electorate side by side. Walang maiiwanan (No one will be left behind)," he said. – Rappler.com 

MAP: Where will members of Congress go in 2016?

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WHAT'S NEXT? 146 district representatives seek reelection into the 17th Congress.

MANILA, Philippines – By end of June 2016, 234 district representatives will bid goodbye to the 16th Congress. Where will they go when the current Congress ends?

A big majority will definitely stay in politics, with most of them still wanting to be part of the next Congress. Based on the Commission on Elections (Comelec) certified list of candidates, Rappler found that 146 district representatives are gunning for reelection in their respective districts.

How about the rest? There are at least 5 district representatives running for higher office, while 45 are running for various positions at the local level.

Here's a map that will show where the incumbent district representatives are planning to go in the next administration. Each district is colored depending on where they are planning to go. Click on the colored areas to obtain specific information about the district representatives.

Color legend:

  • orange – running for reelection
  • red – running for a higher position
  • blue – running for a provincial position
  • purple – running for a city/municipal position
  • gray – not running for any position

Included among the 146 reelectionists is Marinduque Representative Regina Ongsiako Reyes, who was recently disqualified by the House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal. The Supreme Court upheld this ruling.

Speaker Feliciano Belmonte Jr is still "studying" whether or not to swear in Reyes' replacement, Lord Allan Velasco.

There are 75 reelectionists eyeing their second straight term in Congress, and 71 reelectionists going for a third straight term. Article VI, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution, states that no House member shall serve for more than 3 consecutive terms – or 9 consecutive years – in the same post.

These aspirants may possess an advantage by virtue of their incumbency. In 2013, 159 out of the 229 district representatives filed certificates of candidacy for their same posts. Incidentally, 143 of them won.

Two House members, Tarlac Representative Enrique Cojuangco and Camarines Norte Representative Elmer Panotes, passed away last year. They both would have been eligible for reelection as they were both on their second terms.

Outside Batasan

While most House members are running for reelection, 50 are going elsewhere. At least 5 district representatives took the risk of seeking higher office in 2016:

Meanwhile, 45 incumbent lawmakers are running for local executive posts:

  • 19 are running for governor
  • 5 are running for vice governor
  • 18 are running for mayor
  • 3 are running for vice mayor

At least 36 district representatives are no longer running for elective posts this May.

Family affair

While some incumbent lawmakers will no longer be in the House of Representatives' roster in the 17th Congress, their relatives could take their place:

  • Antipolo City Representative Roberto Puno might be replaced by his wife, Chiqui Roa-Puno.
  • Bataan Representative Herminia Roman might be replaced by her daughter, Geraldine Roman.
  • Batangas Representative Nelson Collantes, who initially submitted his certificate of candidacy for reelection, has been substituted for by his wife, Maria Theresa Collantes.
  • Bukidnon Representative Jose Maria Zubiri III might be replaced by Manuel Zubiri. 
  • Bulacan Representative Maria Victoria Sy-Alvarado might be replaced by her son, Jose Antonio Sy-Alvarado.
  • Cebu Representative Joseph Felix "Ace" Durano might be replaced by Red Durano.
  • Cagayan Representative Sally Ponce Enrile might be replaced by her husband, Jack Enrile.
  • Camarines Sur Representative Felix William Fuentebella might be replaced by his father, former House Speaker Arnulfo "Noli" Fuentebella.
  • Davao City Representative Isidro Ungab might be replaced by his brother, Alberto Ungab.
  • Guimaras Representative Joaquin Carlos Nava might be replaced by his wife, Lucille Nava.
  • Ilocos Sur Representative Ronald Singson might be replaced by his brother Ryan's father-in-law, Ilocos Sur Vice Governor Deogracias Victor Savellano.
  • Iloilo Representative Hernan Biron Jr might be replaced by his brother, former congressman Ferjenel Biron.
  • Isabela Representative Giorgidi Aggabao might be replaced by his wife, Manay Nettie Aggabao.
  • La Union Representative Eufranio Eriguel might be replaced by his wife, Agoo town mayor Sandra Eriguel.
  • Mandaluyong Representative Neptali Gonzales II might be replaced by wife Alexandria Gonzales.
  • Manila 3rd District Representative Zenaida Angping might be replaced by her husband, former congressman and former Philippine Sports Commission chairman Harry Angping. He was supposed to run for this post in the 2004 elections, but withdrew due to citizenship issues; he was replaced by his wife.
  • Muntinlupa City Representative Rodolfo Biazon might be replaced by his son, returning congressman Ruffy Biazon.
  • Nueva Ecija Representative Joseph Gilbert Violago might be replaced by either his wife Micaela Violago, who is running under the Liberal Party, or his brother Lito Violago.
  • Pangasinan Representative Maria Georgina de Venecia originally filed her certificate of candidacy for reelection, but has been substituted for by her son, Toff de Venecia.
  • Quezon province 1st District Representative Wilfrido Mark Enverga might be replaced by his sister, Trina Enverga.
  • Quezon province 3rd District Representative Aleta Suarez might be replaced by her husband, former congressman Danilo Suarez.
  • Rizal Representative Joel Roy Duavit might be replaced by his brother, returning congressman Jack Duavit.
  • Romblon Representative Elandro Jesus Madrona might be replaced by his brother, San Agustin mayor Emmanuel Madrona. 
  • Sultan Kudarat Representative Arnulfo Go might be replaced by his wife, Amelia Go.
  • Sulu Representative Maryam Arbison might be replaced by her husband, former congressman Munir Arbison.
  • Taguig City Representative Lino Cayetano might be replaced by his sister, outgoing Senator Pia Cayetano.
  • Valenzuela Representative Sherwin Gatchalian, who is running for senator, might be replaced by his brother, ALAY BUHAY party-list Representative Weslie Gatchalian.
  • Zamboanga del Norte Representative Rosendo Labadlabad might be replaced by Gloria Labadlabad.

– Rappler.com

Enrile: Too sick for detention, but fit to work?

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OUT ON BAIL. Does Senator Juan Ponce Enrile deserve to be out on bail after last week's Senate investigations? Photo by Alecs Ongcal/Rappler

Should the Supreme Court (SC) revoke Senator Juan Ponce Enrile’s bail order?

The supposed "fragile health" of the Senate Minority Leader was far from visible last week as he joined not one, but two controversial Senate hearings that lasted hours. 

Citing humanitarian reasons, the highest court in the land allowed Enrile’s petition for bail in August 2015 because of his advanced age and voluntary surrender. Enrile’s counsel also argued that he was not a flight risk and that strong evidence of guilt had not been established to deny bail. (READ: The triumph of Juan Ponce Enrile)

One would thus expect the 91-year-old Enrile – who spent more than a year under hospital arrest – to stay home and rest while he awaits trial for his graft and plunder charges over the pork barrel scandal.

But he didn’t. A few days after his release, Enrile was back in the Senate to, in his words, "perform my duty for as long as I have an ounce of energy."

Five months later on January 26, Enrile joined the last public committee hearing on the corruption allegations against Vice President Jejomar Binay to challenge witnesses alleging that Binay pocketed millions from Makati through "dummies."

Enrile, a known ally of the Vice President, left after an hour, but not before being told by Senate blue ribbon subcommittee chairman Aquilino "Koko" Pimentel III that the committee’s partial report had already established Binay’s links with his alleged bagmen.

Enrile spent an even longer time grilling people in the session hall the next day. The aging senator placed security officials on the spot for two hours on January 27 in an attempt to pin the blame for the bloody Mamasapano clash on President Benigno Aquino III. (READ: Mamasapano: Aquino's 'compartmented' plan, 'detached' SAF chief?)

But just like in the Binay probe, Enrile’s questioning did not contribute anything new to the discussion, as his questions had long been asked by other senators in previous hearings.

Talking to reporters after the hearing, Senator Grace Poe, chair of the Senate committee on public order, said in Filipino, "We talked about a lot of things but those were already discussed before. We gave one senator a chance to ask because he wasn't there when the hearings took place the first time. But if we look and base our decision on the answers today, there's nothing that can make us change our committee report."

Cabinet officials, police, and military generals insisted there was no stand down order from the President, even if Enrile claimed Aquino deliberately chose not to save the 44 Special Action Force (SAF) troopers.

Questions arose as to why Enrile moved to reopen the probe that forced victims' families to relive the horrors of the deadly police operation: did he really want justice for the SAF 44, or was he merely out to save a supposed paramour?

Enrile faces plunder and 15 counts of graft over the now-unconstitutional Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF). He is accused of pocketing P172 million ($3.605 million) in commissions when he allowed P345 million ($7.232 million) of his PDAF to be diverted to fake non-governmental organizations.

Plunder is typically a non-bailable offense, but the SC, voting 8-4, granted Enrile’s bail anyway.

Dissenting justices argued that the High Court’s decision was the "result of obvious political accommodation," while former Justice Secretary Leila de Lima called the unprecedented ruling "dangerous."

Two other senators – Jinggoy Estrada and Ramon Revilla Jr – are accused of the same crime. – Mara Cepeda/Rappler.com

$1 = P47.71

FAST FACTS: 1987 Philippine Constitution

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1987 Constitution. February 2 commemorates the supreme law of the land. All photos from the Official Gazette

MANILA, Philippines – Did you know that for every change in the constitution in the Philippines, the President released a proclamation to commemorate the date when the new charter took effect? This day is called Constitution Day.

Of all the constitutional changes the country went through, it's only the 1943 Constitution which did not have a corresponding proclamation.

President Corazon C. Aquino, through Proclamation No. 211 of 1988, assigned February 2 of each year as Constitution Day to mark the new 1987 Constitution.

How well do you know the supreme law of the land? We're listing down some vital information concerning one of the country's most important legal documents.

The Philippines has had 6 constitutions

The 6 constitutions started with the country's independence in 1898:

  • The 1899 Malolos Constitution (1899-1901)
  • The 1935 Constitution (1935-1943)
  • The 1943 Constitution (1943-1945)
  • The 1935 Constitution (1945-1973)
  • The 1973 Constitution (1973-1986)
  • The 1987 Constitution (1987-present)

The 1973 Constitution, according to former Aquino spokesman Teodoro Locsin Jr, was never ratified as the process conducted by then president Ferdinand Marcos Jr met strong opposition.

The Aquino government had 3 options with regard to the law of the land:

  • To revert to the 1935 Constitution. But because Marcos abolished the bicameral legislature they had to resort to general elections.
  • To retain the 1973 Constitution and be granted the power to make reforms. This was shot down by Aquino as "she did not want to derive legitimacy and power from the very institutions that she fought."
  • To start anew and break from the "vestiges of a disgraced dictatorship."

FIRST. President Corazon Aquino addresses the 1986 Constitutional Commission during its inaugural session. Photo from the Official Gazette

The 1986 Constitutional Commission drafted the Philippine Constitution we now know

President Corazon Aquino in April 1986 created through Proclamation No. 9 the 1986 Constitutional Commission (ConCom), which was responsible for drafting a replacement for the 1973 constitution.

The new constitution, she said, should be “truly reflective of the aspirations and ideals of the Filipino people.”

The 1986 ConCom was composed of 48 individuals who represented all sectors in the country, including, among others, Bishop Teodoro Bacani, former Supreme Court chief justice Roberto Concepcion, former labor minister (and eventually senator and foreign affairs secretary) Blas Ople, Ateneo De Manila University president Father Joaquin Bernas SJ, and University of the Philippines Student Council Chairperson (now Commission on Human Rights chair) Chito Gascon.

The first session of the commission was held on June 2, 1986 when Cecilia Muñoz-Palma, the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court in 1973, was elected president of ConCom.

Several issues were the subject of heated discussions within ConCom

The proceedings in relation to the drafting of the 1987 Philippine Constitution – just like other important legal documents in the country – were in no doubt not without conflict.

According to accounts, members of the ConCom engaged in heated debates during the various sessions on many issues, including the death penalty, economic policies, land reform, form of government, and even the retention of American military bases in Clark and Subic, among others.

The ConCom was able to finish its work after more or less 111 days, according to Palma. On October 12, 1986, the draft constitution was passed – with 44 delegates voting for it and two against – and was presented to Aquino 3 days after.

DRAFT. ConCom President Cecilia Munoz-Palma hands over the draft constitution to President Corazon Aquino. Photo from the Official Gazette

More than ¾ of votes were in favor of the ratification of the 1987 Philippine Constitution

On February 2, 1987, a National Plebiscite was held after a nationwide information campaign on the draft constitution.

The question voters had to answer was: "Do you vote for the ratification of the proposed Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines with the ordinance appended thereto?"

The results of the 1987 plebiscite canvassed by the Commission on Elections based on returns from 83,288 precincts – or a total of 21,785,216 votes – across the Philippines are as follows:

 Number of votes
Affirmative votes16,622,111 (76.30%)
Negative votes4,953,375 (22.74%)
Abstentions209,730 (0.96%)

On February 11, 1987, through Proclamation No. 58, Aquino announced the results of the plebiscite and proclaimed the 1987 Philippine Constitution ratified. It took effect the same day.

Film director Lino Brocka was among the members who walked out from the ConCom

Lino Brocka, a filmmaker known for his films which explored social realities, was part of the ConCom. 

However, the heated discussions and disapprovals of certain provisions led him and other ConCom members to walk out of the sessions.

Brocka eventually sent a letter on August 28, 1986 to the commission stating that he had informed President Cory Aquino of his irrevocable resignation. “The 48 was reduced by one,” Palma said during her closing remarks at the closing session of the ConCom.

The late filmmaker, posthumously recognized as National Artist for Film in 1997, is credited for inserting the freedom of expression clause in Article III, Section 4 as the word "freedom" is "more expansive, it has a wider scope, and it would refer to means of expression other than speech.” – Rappler.com

4 key issues that divide SC justices in Grace Poe case

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TOUGH QUESTIONS. The Philippine Supreme Court during oral arguments on the Poe case. Photo by Rappler

MANILA, Philippines – The 5-hour oral arguments on Tuesday, February 2 give the public a glimpse on the issues that divide the Supreme Court justices in the disqualification cases against presidential candidate Grace Poe.

Lawyer Arthur Lim, a member of the Commission on Elections, answered questions from the justices in the 3rd round, defending the poll body’s decision to cancel Poe’s certificate of candidacy on the grounds that she “misrepresented” her residency and citizenship. In other words, Comelec said Poe was not a natural-born citizen and lacked the 10-year residency, 2 basic requirements to run for president.

In these exchanges, 4 key takeaways emerged:

1.When the count for the 10-year residency requirement starts.

Justice Mariano del Castillo, who will write the decision, raised the point that the count for Poe’s residency should start on October 21, 2010, when she “expatriated” herself before the U.S. embassy in Manila. “This was when she gave up her domicile in the US,” Del Castillo said. It was the first time in the series of oral arguments that this reckoning point was brought up.

For the Comelec, July 18, 2006 is the earliest time Poe can be considered a resident. It was at this time that she re-acquired her citizenship, as granted by the Bureau of Immigration (BI). Lim said that the Comelec “wanted to accommodate her position” but this still fell short of 10 years.

But Justice Teresita De Castro pointed out that Poe gave “false claims” to the BI, saying that she was born to Fernando Poe Jr. and Susan Roces, hiding the fact that she was a foundling.

If the count begins October 2010, Poe would have been a resident for only less than 6 years.

2. Will the Court engage in “judicial legislation?” Shouldn’t Congress pass legislation to address foundlings’ eligibility for government positions?

Chief Justice Maria Lourdes Sereno elaborated on her earlier position that thousands of foundlings will be discriminated against should the Supreme Court say that Poe, herself a foundling, is not a natural-born citizen. Many government positions, both elective and appointive, require that holders be natural-born citizens.

For almost 3 hours, Sereno repeatedly made this point. In response, Lim kept going back to the “core issue,” saying that this is for Congress and not for the Supreme Court to resolve. “The sad plight of foundlings is not the issue here…Let’s not lose sight of the fact that Poe is seeking the highest position…Comelec doesn’t want to lose focus on what is at stake. This problem [foundling rights] should be addressed by Congress.”

He added that the Court could be engaging in “judicial legislation.”

Justice Arturo Brion, who was the last to ask questions, followed through. “If the constitutional provision on natural-born citizenship is unreasonable, what is the remedy?” To which Lim answered, “Amend the Constitution.”

Brion is one of the 3 justices who dissented in the Senate Electoral Tribunal decision saying Poe is a natural-born citizen. The other 2 are Justices Antonio Carpio and De Castro.

3. Adoption laws as a defense was not raised by Poe’s counsel before the Comelec.

Brion wanted to know if Poe’s camp used the country’s adoption laws as defense before the Comelec. Sereno had repeatedly argued that these presume foundlings to be Filipino citizens.

Lim said that Poe’s defense was anchored on international laws. To which Brion asked, “You heard it first before the Supreme Court?” He was apparently alluding to Sereno, who brought up adoption laws as defense in the last oral arguments and told Poe’s counsel to look at “rich” domestic laws when they file their expanded briefs.

Lim said he was “not sure” if this line of defense came up first in the Supreme Court.

4. In weighing evidence on Poe’s citizenship and residency, what standards will be used?

Sereno and Justice Marvic Leonen harped on this point. Sereno wanted to know what kind of proof the Comelec wanted from Poe.

Leonen pursued a similar line of questioning and asked Lim to cover this in the poll body’s brief.

Lim said that the evidence presented by Poe was “not enough.” The Comelec was after “substantial evidence.”

The justices are expected to deliberate on these key issues as decision time nears.

So far, 4 justices have kept quiet during all the oral arguments: Lucas Bersamin, Bienvenido Reyes, Francis Jardeleza and Jose Mendoza. The last appointee of President Aquino to the Court, Justice Alfredo Benjamin Caguiao has not participated in the oral arguments since his appointment. It is not clear if he will take part in the voting.

The next oral arguments will take place February 9. – Rappler.com

 

 

Are 2016 presidential bets truthful about academic degrees?

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FRONT-RUNNERS. From left to right: Jejomar Binay, Grace Poe, Rodrigo Duterte, Mar Roxas, and Miriam Defensor-Santiago.

First of 2 parts

MANILA, Philippines – Following the publication of stories on inaccurate academic credentials of Senators Ferdinand Marcos Jr and Ralph Recto in 2015, we started verifying claims by the leading 2016 presidential and vice presidential candidates about the degrees they earned.

In the process of doing so, the educational attainment of presidential bets Mar Roxas and Jejomar Binay was also scrutinized.

Below are our findings on the academic degrees of the 5 leading candidates for president, as indicated in their public profiles. (READ: Travails of verifying alumni records of public officials)

Excluded in the meantime are some diploma courses, fellowship programs, and honoris causa degrees that the candidates either attended or completed.

Jejomar Binay

DegreesConfirmed?
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
University of the Philippines (UP), 1962
Bachelor of Laws
University of the Philippines, 1967
Took masteral subjects in public administration
University of the Philippines
Took masteral subjects in law
University of Santo Tomas (UST)
Master in National Security Administration (graduated with honors)
National Defense College of the Philipines, 1990
Master in Management
Philippine Christian University, 1998
Certificate in Business Economics
Strategic Business Economics Program, Center for Research and Communication (now the University of Asia and the Pacific), 1992
Diploma in Land Use Planning
UP School of Urban and Regional Planning, 1993


In January, Binay clarified that he wasn't able to complete his master's degrees at the University of the Philippines (UP) and the University of Sto Tomas (UST). This stemmed from discrepancies in two online sources. 

The Office of the Vice President's website says Binay "took masteral subjects in public administration and law in UP and UST, respectively." Binay's academic details were uploaded on the OVP website in August 2010 after he was elected vice president. A check of previous snapshots of that page showed that what was uploaded then was not changed.  

His curriculum vitae, uploaded in 2013 on the websites of two agencies that he had headed as housing czar – National Housing Authority and Pag-ibig Fund – said that he "academically completed" his two master's degrees. 

Verification with the UP Office of the University Registrar yielded the following information: Binay "was enrolled during the Second Semester 1967-1968 until the Second Semester 1972-1973...working towards the degree of Master of Public Administration. He has earned a total of 24 academic units." Binay said he failed to submit a thesis that was required to obtain his master's degree.

Meanwhile, UST's official student publication, The Varsitarian,did its own check, and reported that Binay "was enrolled in UST from the second semester of academic year 1976-1977 to the second semester of academic year 1979-1980." He also failed to submit the requisite thesis.

Miriam Defensor-Santiago

DegreesConfirmed?
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, magna cum laude
University of the Philippines, 1965
Bachelor of Laws, cum laude
University of the Philippines, 1969
Master of Laws
University of Michigan, 1975
Doctor of Juridical Science
University of Michigan, 1976
Finished academic requirements (without thesis) for the Master of Arts in Theology, Major in Religious Studies
Maryhill School of Theology, 1996


Santiago's profile on the Senate website says she "
finished the academic requirements for the degree Master of Arts in Religious Studies, at the Maryhill School of Theology." On her curriculum vitae, she wrote, "Master of Arts in Religious Studies (without thesis)."

The registrar of the Maryhill School of Theology confirmed that Santiago "took up courses under the degree program, Master of Arts in Theology, major in Religious Studies. She attended classes from First Semester 1993-1994 up to Second Semester 1995-1996."

In a follow-up email, the registrar added that Santiago "finished all the academic requirements except the thesis. Santiago proposed to use the book she wrote at that time to be considered as her thesis. The academic staff during that time did not agree."

The registrar later clarified that she was unsure if Santiago was still writing the book, Christianity Versus Corruption, Political Theology for the Third World, at the time the senator made the request. "Most likely she finished the book and [the book] was ready for publication," the registrar said. Santiago's book was published in 2001.

The same book was listed in previous versions of Santiago's Senate profile, as late as July 2014. As of this posting, it is no longer mentioned in the current version of the page.

Maryhill's registrar continued, "She brought up the matter again sometime later. The academic staff then decided to consider so she was requested to come to discuss the matter further. However, she was already busy as senator."

Rodrigo "Rody" Duterte

DegreesConfirmed?
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
Lyceum of the Philippines University, 1968
Bachelor of Laws
San Beda College, 1972

Grace Poe

DegreesConfirmed?
Took up Bachelor of Arts, major in Development Studies
University of the Philippines Manila, 1986-1988
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
Boston College, 1991

Manuel "Mar" Roxas II

DegreesConfirmed?
Bachelor of Science in Economics
Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1979

In December, Duterte questioned Roxas' Wharton degree, claiming that he "did not graduate" there. (READ: Wharton a 'myth?' Facts on Mar Roxas and his economics degree)

Days after Rappler shared a certification of Roxas' degree – requested through the US National Clearinghouse website – a Wharton official confirmed that Roxas is indeed an alumnus of the school.

The verification for the 6th presidential candidate, OFW Family party-list representative Roy Señeres Jr, is still underway.

His profile at the House of Representatives website says Señeres earned a Bachelor of Arts Major in Political Science degree from UST in 1967 and a Bachelor of Laws degree from San Beda College in 1971. Both UST and San Beda require letters of consent from alumni before they could verify records and issue certifications. (To be concluded) Rappler.com

In the concluding part, we fact-check the academic degrees of the 6 candidates for vice president.

Photo credits: Binay: OVP file photo. Poe, Roxas: Rappler file photos. Duterte: contributed photo. Santiago: file photo from office of Sen. Ferdinand Marcos Jr.


Are 2016 VP bets truthful about academic degrees?

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Conclusion

READ: Are 2016 presidential bets truthful about academic degrees?

MANILA, Philippines – Are the 6 candidates for vice president as truthful as their presidential candidates when it comes to academic achievements?

We checked on these claims, excluding diploma courses, fellowship programs, and honoris causa degrees that the candidates have finished and/or received. Here's what we found.

Alan Peter Cayetano

DegreesConfirmed?
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
University of the Philippines (UP), 1993
Juris Doctor (2nd Honors)
Ateneo Law School, 1997

Francis "Chiz" Escudero

DegreesConfirmed?
Bachelor of Arts in Political Science
University of the Philippines, 1988*
Bachelor of Laws
University of the Philippines, 1993
Master in International and Comparative Law
Georgetown University Law Center, 1996


* A minor note: Escudero's official website says he enrolled for his BA Political Science at UP Diliman from 1985 to 1989, then his Bachelor of Laws from 1989 to 1993.

A certification from the UP Office of the University Registrar shows that Escudero "studied from June 1985 to October 1988 and from November 1987 to April 1993. He graduated with the degrees of Bachelor of Arts (Political Science) and Bachelor of Laws on Oct 23, 1988 and Apr 24, 1993, respectively."

Gregorio "Gringo" Honasan

DegreesConfirmed?
Took up Bachelor of Arts in Economics*
University of the Philippines, 1967
Bachelor of Science
Philippine Military Academy (PMA), 1971
Master in Business Management
Asian Institute of Management (AIM), 1981


*Another interesting note: On his Senate profile, Honasan says he "took up Economics at the University of the Philippines. He then went on to the Philippine Military Academy."

The UP registrar's certification reveals additional details on Honasan's stay in UP. He "was enrolled from the First Semester 1965-66 until the First Semester 1966-67 at the University College, working towards the degree of Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering."

Honasan then "shifted to Bachelor of Arts (Economics) during the Second Semester 1966-67. He earned a total of 15 academic units."

Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr

DegreesConfirmed?
Special Diploma in Social Studies
Oxford University, 1978
Graduate Coursework in Business Administration
Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1981


The degrees listed above are not the original ones posted on his Senate profile. His profile initially said Marcos had a bachelor of arts degree in philosophy, politics, and economics from Oxford University. He then claimed to have earned a master in business administration (MBA) degree from Wharton.

Rappler's fact-checking in February 2015 revealed that his name did not appear on the class list – or the roll of students who successfully completed their degrees – at Oxford in 1978. Meanwhile, his Wharton MBA degree was unfinished, as attested to by a University of Pennsylvania professor. His name likewise didn't appear in UPenn's alumni database. (READ: EXCLUSIVE: Did Bongbong Marcos lie about Oxford, Wharton?)

Shortly after the publication of Rappler's story, Marcos corrected his résumé on the Senate website.

Maria Leonor "Leni" Robredo

DegreesConfirmed?
Bachelor of Arts in Economics
University of the Philippines, 1986
Bachelor of Laws
University of Nueva Caceres (UNC), 1992*


Her official website says that after graduating from the UP School of Economics, she "took up her degree in Law from the University of Nueva Caceres in 1990."

The UNC registrar confirmed that Robredo "graduated from this University with the degree of Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) on March 21, 1992." Robredo was enrolled from Second Semester SY 1986-1987 to Second Semester SY 1991-1992.

Antonio Trillanes IV

DegreesConfirmed?
Bachelor of Science in Naval System Engineering
Philippine Military Academy, 1995
Master of Public Administration
University of the Philippines, 2005


In addition, Trillanes wrote on his Senate résumé that he took up his BS Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Communications Engineering (ECE) at De La Salle University (DLSU) until his 4th year in 1991, when he entered the Philippine Military Academy.

The verification of this information is still ongoing, though, as Trillanes' camp has yet to provide Rappler with an authorization letter required by DLSU. – Rappler.com

Grace Poe's campaign: Mixed messaging, disqualification woes

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2016 CAMPAIGN. Aside from the disqualification risk she is facing, presidential bet Grace Poe has to address key issues – ratings, messaging, organization – in her 90-day campaign. Photo by Ben Nabong/Rappler

MANILA, Philippines – It's been a tough ride for presidential aspirant Senator Grace Poe. Her road to Malacañanang is as rough as it is uncertain, tainted with the risk of disqualification over citizenship and residency issues.

Even before she formally declared her presidential bid, she had an idea of what was going her way. But the magnitude of the attacks, she said, was something she did not see coming.

Her rejection of the ruling Liberal Party’s invitation to be its vice presidential bet did not come without any consequence. The consistent survey frontrunner then struggled to sustain her momentum. And true enough, just as she expected, disqualification cases and unrelenting attacks on her worthiness to become the next leader were hurled at her.

Fortunately for her, despite all the odds, she's managed to regain the top spot among presidential contenders, based on the latest Pulse Asia survey released Saturday, February 6. Her 30% preference rating pulled her above Vice President Jejomar Binay, who obtained 23%.

The question is, do these results indicate that she's doing everything right, and that there's nothing to fear about the challenges that could still come in the next 3 months – if she's not disqualified by the Supreme Court?

Will the memory of her father, the late Fernando Poe Jr (FPJ), be enough to help her surmount these challenges? Or could it be a foreshadowing of sorts? After all, the two faced similar disqualification cases in the course of their quest for the presidency. 

The 2016 presidential elections, as veteran observers and political analysts claim, is still anybody’s ball game. Now that the official 90-day campaign period is set to start, what are the main things Poe still has to work on? 

1. Survey ratings

FOR POE. Grace Poe's ratings have been strongly affected by the disqualification issues against her. Photo by Ben Nabong/Rappler

The attacks on Poe and her family over citizenship and residency issues have taken their toll on her ratings. The perennial frontrunner saw her ratings go up and down, in an almost unpredictable fashion.

Poe’s rise as the top presidential contender started in June 2015, as exhibited in both Pulse Asia and Social Weather Stations polls. Poe got 30% and 42% in June, respectively. This positive feedback continued until September. After that, her ratings started to fluctuate as the disqualification cases evidently affected her numbers.

In a bid to change this, Poe actively went to provinces to explain to voters she is still a presidential candidate. This may have worked the way they envisioned it because the January Pulse Asia elections survey showed Poe recovering.

The same Pulse Asia survey showed Poe enjoying the highest ratings in Metro Manila, closely trailed by Binay, and the rest of Luzon. She, however, has low ratings in the Visayas and Mindanao. FPJ had a strong following in Mindanao but Poe also has to contend with Duterte, who got 48% from Mindanao. He hails from the region.

Among social classes, Poe enjoys a wide lead in Class D. She is statistically tied with Duterte in Class ABC and Roxas in Class E.

While Poe regained the top spot, analysts maintain it’s too early to feel victorious, as it’s still a tight presidential race.

Di mo pa masasabi yan (You still can't tell). Hindi mo pa makikita yung trend ngayon (You still won't see the trend now), normally the difference between candidates is 5-6 percentage points, well within margin of error,” political analyst Edmund Tayao told Rappler.

Presidential preference surveys have been the go-to resource of campaign teams to check the present status of their presidential bets. They also shed light on the failures and points for improvement of the team.

Tayao emphasized the need for Poe to distinguish herself from other bets and come up with a strong and clear messaging to reclaim the consistent lead she used to enjoy. Even with 3 months left before the elections, he said, it still isn't too late. 

2. Disqualification case

SUPREME COURT. Grace Poe attends the first day of oral arguments on her disqualification case at the Supreme Court. Photo by Ben Nabong/Rappler

While the ratings game is the ultimate battle for candidates, Poe was forced to take a different route. The disqualification case against her – her kryptonite – is the overarching issue affecting her candidacy and, consequently, her numbers.

All eyes are now on the Supreme Court as it decides on this landmark case. Poe’s case as a foundling was made more complicated and difficult by her oath of allegiance to the United States and, consequently, her renunciation of Philippine citizenship in 2001. (READ: TIMELINE: Grace Poe's citizenship, residency)

While some say Poe does not deserve to be president because she deserted her country, her defenders claim she did a very courageous act, citing the plight of millions of Overseas Filipino Workers.

Almost everything has been said and done in Poe’s case. It's now up to the High Court to make a decision, not just on her political fate but also on the future of thousands of other foundlings.

Poe, for her part, continues to go to the ground to tell voters she's still in the running.

But political analysts Tayao and Aries Arugay said it is now time for Poe to work on other aspects of her campaign. The more important issues, they said, had been sidelined for so long now.

“What she needs to do is go beyond why she has the right to run and focus on why she is running, what is she representing? Conflicted, she wants to have it all. But what is it really, continuity or change?” Arugay said.

“That’s what the opponents did to divert public discussion. May abogado naman sya (She has lawyers to defend her). The right forum is in the court,” Tayao said.

Poe, as with any candidate, has to prepare for both the worst and best scenarios. The worst case – if she’s disqualified – is she would just quit the race. But in case she’s allowed to run, there are far more consequences not just for her, but for the millions of Filipinos who deserve to know her specific plans of action, analysts said.

3. Messaging

FPJ. Poe's pre-campaign messaging initially relied on the memories of her father, the late action star Fernando Poe Jr, who lost in the 2004 presidential poll. File photo by EPA

If there’s one crucial thing at this time, it’s messaging. Gone are the days when candidates had no choice but to go out and press flesh. With the emergence of technology, social media, and traditional media, the importance of effective messaging comes into play.

But so far, all of Poe’s messages seem confused and inadequate. Her political advertisements – birthday greeting of FPJ, fixing the Metro Rail Transit, disqualification issue, pursuing a government with heart – have so far sent mixed messages about her campaign, as compared to her closest rival Vice President Jejomar Binay.

Unlike Binay’s pro-poor campaign, Poe’s has no clear identity thus far.

Another challenge for her is to distinguish herself from other presidential bets, especially from administration standard-bearer Mar Roxas, who espouses "Daang Matuwid" and similar anti-corruption campaigns.

Her stand on key policies has not been articulated well enough to do that. Understandably, it’s easier said than done, considering the distraction caused by the disqualification cases against her.

“It’s a sloppy way of campaigning kasi ang important sa campaign, where does she stand on all these issues? So far scattered, di coherent yung messages (the messages are incoherent),” Arugay said. 

She is pushing for both continuity of Daang Matuwid and at the same time clamoring for change in government. Which is really which?

May sinasabi siya kailangan baguhin pero may sinasabi siya ipagpapatuloy. (She's saying there are things that need to be changed but she also says there are things that should be continued.) We all know in reality, it’s not always black and white. But it seems she’s playing safe. She wants to harvest those that are loyalists to the present administration but at the same time harness those that are against it. This administration is a very polarizing figure. You can’t have your cake and eat it, too,” Arugay said.

But Arugay was quick to point out that Poe’s charisma is what works for her and sets her apart from her rivals. This is something undeniable, as seen in sorties or even private engagements.

Tayao, for his part, said it is high time for Poe to stop with the motherhood statements to easily distance herself, in the eyes of the public, from traditional politicians. This has been a challenge for the media covering her, as she tends to give vague statements only to be misinterpreted later on.

“The messaging, lahat hindi masyado malalim (It's not too deep.) We can no longer expect the voters to decide practically the same manner as before. Every election, voters are looking for something new. Focus on particular issues, avoid motherhood statements now,” Tayao said.

4. Campaign organization 

DIFFERENCES. Insiders say Poe's husband Neil Llamanzares and running mate Senator Francis Escudero have been at odds over campaign strategies and finances

Running a national campaign is no easy feat. Poe herself could attest to this after mounting a senatorial campaign in 2013. But senatorial and presidential campaigns are entire worlds apart, which can be one of the reasons why Poe is still struggling with her own campaign organization.

This is not to say Poe has no organization. She has a group of people helping her, aside from her Senate slate’s campaign manager Ace Durano and running mate Senator Francis Escudero.

The problem lies with the supposed lack of experience of those handling her campaign. Some of them are family members and friends from the banking and business sectors, who have no previous experience running any national campaign.

Sources from the Poe camp also revealed that the senator's husband Neil Llamanzares and Escudero have been at odds over campaign strategies and finances. This is nothing new in any campaign group but definitely adds salt to injury.

Two sources privy to the information said Poe was still looking for possible campaign handlers or experts as late as January – or only 4 months before elections.

This is not surprising for Poe who did not have any deep longing for the presidency and who has no political party, much less, a machinery, to back her.

This issue, analysts said, comes with Poe’s territory. One does not need to be an expert to know that the disqualification cases against her have caused campaign finances to come in trickles – no different from her father’s presidential campaign that faltered in 2004. – Rappler.com

QUIZ: Beyond Valentine’s Day, what’s to celebrate in February?

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MORE THAN VALENTINE'S. The second month of the year includes various historical events and commemorations. Graphic by Ernest Fiestan.

MANILA, Philippines – There is more to February than simply celebrating love – or recognizing the lack of it.

The second month of the year also features annual celebrations such as the National Arts Month, the Philippine Heart Month, and the Air Transportation Safety Month.

February also holds a special place in history on account of the 1986 People Power Revolution. The bloodless and peaceful revolution on EDSA overthrew then president Ferdinand Marcos and restored democracy in the Philippines.

How familiar are you with the numerous celebrations and historical events in February? Take the quiz to find out if you know enough about the second month of the year.

– Reynaldo Santos Jr and Jodesz Gavilan/Rappler.com

Bongbong Marcos wants to be your Valentine

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V-DAY DATE. The winner will get an 'exclusive' chance to dine with vice presidential candidate Ferdinand Marcos Jr/ Photo from the contest's log in page

Dateless this Valentine's Day? You can try scoring a date with one of the vice presidential candidates.

The son and namesake of the late dictator Ferdinand Marcos is trying to show a lighter side of him through an online raffle, where the winner will get a lunch date with him.

Titled “Bongbong Into My Heart,” the raffle asks netizens to send entries by logging into the contest's page. Each person can send in as many entries as possible from February 5 to 15. 

The winner will be announced February 17 and will get to dine exclusively with Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr for free. 

{source} <div id="fb-root"></div><script>(function(d, s, id) {  var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];  if (d.getElementById(id)) return;  js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id;  js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js#xfbml=1&version=v2.3";  fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);}(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));</script><div class="fb-post" data-href="https://web.facebook.com/bongbongmarcos/posts/944208138966020:0" data-width="500"><div class="fb-xfbml-parse-ignore"><blockquote cite="https://web.facebook.com/bongbongmarcos/posts/944208138966020:0"><p>#BongbongIntoMyHeart &#x2669; &#x266a; &#x266b; We know ya want it! &#x2669; &#x266a; &#x266b; To join, click the Facebook Tab or http://bbm.ph/BongbongIntoMyHeartApp Make sure to log in :)</p>Posted by <a href="https://web.facebook.com/bongbongmarcos/">Bongbong Marcos</a> on&nbsp;<a href="https://web.facebook.com/bongbongmarcos/posts/944208138966020:0">Friday, February 5, 2016</a></blockquote></div></div> {/source} 

This is not the first time Marcos tried a campaign gimmick aimed at young voters.

During the release of the much-anticipated Star Wars VII: The Force Awakens last December, the senator dressed like the character Obi Wan Kenobi – complete with a lightsaber – to greet the franchise's fans. 

{source} <div id="fb-root"></div><script>(function(d, s, id) {  var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];  if (d.getElementById(id)) return;  js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id;  js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js#xfbml=1&version=v2.3";  fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);}(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk'));</script><div class="fb-video" data-allowfullscreen="1" data-href="/bongbongmarcos/videos/vb.109924549061054/919215678131933/?type=3"><div class="fb-xfbml-parse-ignore"><blockquote cite="https://www.facebook.com/bongbongmarcos/videos/919215678131933/"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/bongbongmarcos/videos/919215678131933/">Bongbong Marcos Message for Star Wars Fans</a><p>From one Star Wars fan to another: May the force be with you. #StarWars #TheForceAwakens #PaoaySandDunes</p>Posted by <a href="https://www.facebook.com/bongbongmarcos/">Bongbong Marcos</a> on Wednesday, December 16, 2015</blockquote></div></div> {/source} 

Could a lighter and a friendlier image free the younger Marcos from the shadows of his father's iron-fist leadership? Martial law victims have vowed to hound his campaign. Maybe the next round of surveys will give us a clue.  Patty Pasion/Rappler.com

The troubled times of Angie Reyes

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SALUTE. Former defense chief Angelo Reyes gestures in salute in 2003. All photos published in Newsbreak in 2003

Editor's Note: This story was first published by Newsbreak magazine in February 2011. We are republishing this piece for the 5th death anniversary of former defense secretary Angelo T. Reyes, who killed himself on Feb. 8, 2011 in the wake of corruption allegations. 

MANILA, Philippines  After Oakwood, it was somehow downhill for him within the institution he served for most of his life. 

On the second week of July 2003, then Armed Forces chief of staff Angelo T. Reyes got wind of initial intelligence reports about the plan of young military officers to mount a mutiny. Reyes was lukewarm about it. Thus when the group of then Navy LtSg. Antonio Trillanes IV seized the Oakwood hotel in Makati on July 27, the general was in Mindanao meeting with local disaster councils, though he returned late afternoon that day and went straight to Malacañang.

One of the senior intelligence officers that Newsbreak interviewed then said, “He was not on top of it. He also misread the soldiers. He said that their morale was highest after Camp Abubakar fell [in 2000].” Reyes was chief of staff when military troops seized the main camp of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) after days of warfare with the rebels. It was a shining moment for the AFP since the camp symbolized MILF power and stature in the Islamic world.

Proud and oozing with confidence, Reyes had a fast rise to the top after a short lull in his career. He went to the best schools aside from the Philippine Military Academy, finishing 2 masters degrees: a business administration diploma from the Asian Institute of Management (AIM) and a public administration degree from Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government.

Until his death, he was president of the Harvard Club, an association of Harvard alumni in Manila. Just a week before his death, he presided over their meeting at AIM in Makati and showed no signs of despondence, according to fellow Harvard alumnus and PMA graduate, Victor Corpus.

Reyes spent several years in the intelligence community and commanded an Army battalion, brigade, division, major service and eventually the entire Armed Forces. He loved singing, yes, but he also loved debating. “He looked intimidating, but I think that was just a put-on. In truth he was soft-hearted, always cracking jokes,” says Corpus.

Reyes was not one who gave reporters easy answers, and he would reply to a question with another question. In his heyday, Reyes grew sensitive to media criticism and saw motive behind certain negative stories about him.

Reyes’ first brush with political power was under the Marcos years, when he served as military aide of then Prime Minister Cesar Virata. It was during those years that he got acquainted with former military comptroller Jacinto Ligot, who is also one of the subjects of an ongoing probe into military corruption. Ligot was then with the Presidential Security Command.

Reyes’ wife, Teresita, and Ligot’s wife, Erlinda, would end up as close friends when Reyes became chief of staff. This friendship, in fact, was discussed at a Senate hearing last Monday following immigration records shown by Sen. Jinggoy Estrada about the two wives’ frequent foreign trips together.

Angie’s Coup

Reyes’ stars were brightest under former president Joseph Estrada.

In a span of 3 years, from 1998 to 2001, he served as commanding general of the Southern Command, then the Philippine Army (for only 3 months in 1999) and eventually as chief of staff. Like Estrada, Reyes lived in San Juan; their mothers reportedly knew each other from way back. Reyes enjoyed Estrada’s confidence so much that when one of the general’s sons got married, he asked the former president to stand as godfather.

This is why it took a while for him to be persuaded to join the anti-Estrada movement that by end-2000 had already snowballed.

During Estrada’s impeachment trial in 2000, at least 3 factions in the Armed Forces debated the options on how best to deal with their commander-in-chief: should they oust him by force, or should they simply withdraw support from him?

In the end, Reyes, who espoused the most passive, least confrontational approach, prevailed.

In “Angie’s Coup,” Newsbreak’s inside story on the military withdrawal of support from Estrada in January 2001, we said that hours after Reyes declared the military’s break from Estrada, 4 generals raised to him a sensitive point: since the military was making a crucial move, why couldn’t it go a step further and dictate the terms for the transition? Reyes would hear none of it.

CHANGE. Then AFP Chief of Staff Angelo Reyes throws his support behind Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in January 2001.

We reported then that just 3 days after the jueteng scandal broke out in October 2000, Reyes received a letter from an Army colonel who noted that many of his fellow officers “feel outrage deep within – outrage for having a ‘lord of all gambling lords’ as their commander in chief.”

The colonel told Reyes: “You are about to make the most important decision of our life – a decision that can either lead this nation back to recovery and progress, or plunge it further down the road to perdition.”

In Newsbreak’s first issue in January 2001, we wrote then: “It took Reyes 3 months, after consultations with civilian groups and fellow officers, to make his decision. Up to the last minute, some leaders of the anti-Estrada mass movement had serious doubts about Reyes."

"Word spread that there were officers and field commanders who were more prepared to strike. The bloc of former Tarlac Representative Jose 'Peping' Cojuangco Jr and Pastor 'Boy' Saycon openly talked about the supposed commitment made by 14 brigade commanders to join the Estrada Resign movement. The target date was November 25. The plot flopped."

Our story added: “Yet unknown to most, Reyes did agree to an aide’s suggestion to try to persuade the President to quit first week of November (2000)…But Reyes was stopped in his tracks, according to a source close to the general. In a meeting in Malacañang on Nov. 4, 2000, the day of a massive rally at Edsa, the President told him straight that he had received reports that he, Reyes, was being invited by the opposition to a meeting."

In contrast to his agitated peers, Reyes was a cautious man. For months, he spurned all appeals for him to abandon Estrada. Former Army chief Fortunato Abat met with him to ask him to advise Estrada to quit. “Well, since Angie (Reyes) is a champion debater and Abat also loved to talk, they ended up debating,” our source recalled then.

Reyes denied it, but he probably felt then that the die was cast. For Estrada’s spooks got it right: Reyes was to meet with the Vice President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo the following morning. The meeting had to be cancelled. Still, Reyes’s trusted officers continued to touch base with some anti-Estrada leaders and the Arroyo camp. And the chief of staff did his homework, projecting a neutral image while meeting with officers from different PMA batches to get their sense of the situation.

In his conversations with PMAyers during those difficult days, he told them, “Think of the repercussions of what we do 50 to 100 years from now. We do not want a tradition of the AFP going against the leadership.” But when the people massed up at Edsa for the second time, Reyes moved and spelled the end of Estrada’s term.

Bad luck

Under President Arroyo, Reyes soon got dragged into all sorts of controversies.

As chief of staff and later defense secretary, Reyes kept a tight group of young officers doggedly loyal to him. They got plum positions and lorded it over in Camp Aguinaldo. Among them was then Lt. Col. George Rabusa, who was very close to Reyes and his wife; Rabusa first served as Reyes’s budget officer when the latter worked at J2 (AFP deputy chief of staff for intelligence) under the Ramos government.

The entire comptroller family – Rabusa, Carlos Garcia, Jacinto Ligot, and Antonio Lim – enjoyed the confidence, and protection, of Reyes.

In August 2003, when he was forced to resign as defense chief following the Oakwood mutiny, Reyes refused to talk about the reasons for his leaving.

Instead, he cited his two major “achievements:” the fall of Camp Abubakar and his role in the peaceful transition of power from Estrada to Mrs Arroyo. He told Newsbreak then: “I want to be remembered as an officer who spent 30 years in the service, as one who tried to do his best. I always maintain a standard of excellence that I impose on myself before I impose it on others.”

The public image that he built over the years, however, was tarnished by serious allegations of compromises and graft.

CZAR. Reyes was anti-kidnapping czar under Arroyo. EPA file photo

After leaving the defense department, Reyes was named by Mrs Arroyo to various positions: anti-kidnapping czar, head of an anti-smuggling task force, Interior and Local Government Secretary, and Environment and Natural Resources Secretary. His last Cabinet position was Energy Secretary before he ran under the 1-UTAK party-list group in the last elections. Reyes was criticized for joining this transport group because he was obviously not part of this sector.

Initially, he toyed with the idea of running for the Senate. But his own survey numbers discouraged him from it.

The energy department proved to be too technical and complicated for him. At one time, he attributed the increasing cost of fuel to rising water waves. At another, he said there would be blackouts on election day (May 10, 2010) and gave an exact number of households who will have no power. Energy and power supply experts wondered where he got the figure since there was still no available simulation model to compute for that.

In February 2010, a month before he stepped down as energy boss, Reyes approved the conversion of a mining exploration contract with a UK-based oil and gas exploration company into a full-fledged service contract, which allowed it to drill. He defended his move: “The area [covered]…is within the Exclusive Economic Zone, and the government has the authority to engage in the exploration, development and utilization of resources and enter into an arrangement and that authority is within the DOE (Department of Energy).”

When he ran under 1-UTAK, militant groups sought his disqualification. The Commission on Elections (Comelec) upheld his nomination, but 1-UTAK later withdrew his name from their list, a move that Reyes questioned before the Comelec. In September 2010, the Comelec ruled to disqualify Reyes. He died without seeing Supreme Court's ruling on his petition.

But it was the damning testimony of his longtime aide Rabusa that truly got Reyes depressed.

In 2003, when Newsbreak asked him about his plans after he resigned as defense chief, Reyes had this to say: “What the future holds, only time will tell. I have lived a full and fulfilled life. I have no complaints, no regrets. If I were to live again, I would take the same route.”

At his mother’s grave 5 years ago, could he have uttered the same words? – with reports from Lala Rimando/Rappler.com

How Aquino has aged through the years

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2010 and 2015. President Aquino delivers his State of the Nation Address in 2010, the start of his presidency, and on July 27, 2015, his sixth and last. File photos

Benigno Aquino III celebrates his last birthday as president today. Born February 8, 1960, he turns 56. 

A reluctant president, the former congressman from Tarlac was pushed to seek the highest position of the land when his mother and former president Corazon C. Aquino died in August 2009. Then Liberal Party standard bearer Manuel "Mar" Roxas II gave way to him, and instead ran as his vice president but lost.

On May 9, 2016, Aquino's successor will be elected by Filipino voters. The bachelor president, who has made a joke of his thinning hair many times during his term, will be passing on the challenges and stresses of governing a nation of over 100 million.

Who knows? Maybe his hair will grow back faster after his presidency.

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Mocha Uson supports Duterte: This is what she's talking about

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STILL NO JUSTICE. The story 'A Cry for Justice,' published by Newsbreak in December 2007, cites the murder of then Judge Oscar Uson, the father of Mocha Girl Uson (left) who supports the presidential bid of Rodrigo Duterte. (The man in the middle is former Cagayan Judge Nathaniel Pattugalan, who was also assassinated. His photo was used in the 2007 Newsbreak article.)

MANILA, Philippines – Her Facebook post has been used by the followers of PDP-Laban presidential bet Rodrigo Duterte to stress the candidate's strength: a firm stand against criminality.

But what exactly is Mocha Uson, founder of the popular dance group Mocha Girls, talking about?

In a post on Friday, February 5, she explained why she and her group are so involved in campaigning for Duterte, who has made peace and order the centerpiece of his two-decade rule as Davao City mayor:

Before I became a full time entertainer, I went to med school here in Manila. I was a second year medical student when my father was murdered. He was an RTC Judge in Pangasinan, my hometown. He was killed in the line of duty in an ambush shooting. Several years later, still no justice for my father. Eto ang tanong ko sa aking sarili – kung ang aking sariling ama ay isa nang Government Official, isang JUDGE o huwes, ay hindi pa nabigyan ng hustisya paano pa kaya ang mga ordinaryong mamamayan? Can you just imagine what’s happening in our society? Kung mismong HUWES na NAGPAPATAW ng KATARUNGAN ay hindi nabigyan ng proteksyon at katarungan ng ating gobyerno paano na lamang ang ordinaryong tao? The main suspect in the murder of my father was a powerful POLITICIAN. Since my father's death at least 200 lawyers and judges were killed in the last 10 years in the country.

PARANG AWA NIYO NA. Magising na tayo! The continuous rise of crime in our country is now a concern for all. Aantayin pa ba nating may mangyaring masama sa ating mga mahal sa buhay bago pa tayo magising? We need a TOUGH and STRONG PRESIDENT. WE NEED AN IRON HAND IN DEALING WITH CRIMINALS IN THIS COUNTRY. Kailangan natin ng presidente na MATAPANG AT MAY TUNAY NA MALASAKIT SA ATING BAYAN at yan ay si DUTERTE!

(Before I became a full time entertainer, I went to med school here in Manila. I was a second year medical student when my father was murdered. He was an RTC Judge in Pangasinan, my hometown. He was killed in the line of duty in an ambush shooting. Several years later, still no justice for my father. This is what I ask myself – if my own father who is a Government Official, a JUDGE, has not been given justice, how much for for ordinary citizens? Can you just imagine what’s happening in our society? If a JUDGE who DISPENSES JUSTICE could not be given protection and justice by our government, how much more for ordinary folks? The main suspect in the murder of my father was a powerful POLITICIAN. Since my father's death at least 200 lawyers and judges were killed in the last 10 years in the country.)

(PLEASE HAVE MERCY. Wake up! The continuous rise of crime in our country is now a concern for all. Will we have to wait for something bad to happen to our loved ones before we come to our senses? We need a TOUGH and STRONG PRESIDENT. WE NEED AN IRON HAND IN DEALING WITH CRIMINALS IN THIS COUNTRY. We need a president who is BRAVE AND WHO HAS GENUINE CONCERN FOR OUR COUNTRY and that is none other than DUTERTE!)

Slain judges

Who was Mocha Uson's father? He was Judge Oscar Uson, who was assigned to the local court in Tayug, a 3rd-class municipality in Pangasinan. He was one of judges whose murder was cited in a Newsbreak investigative report in December 2007.

Previously published reports said Uson was assassinated in 2002 by 4 hit men while heading home from work in Asingan town. He was reportedly hit thrice – twice in the chest and one below his left ear. The 56-year-old judge was said to have been receiving death threats which prompted him to carry a gun instead of hiring a bodyguard.

Appeals by family members to then president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo to bring his attackers to justice yielded nothing.

In the report "A Cry for Justice," Aries Rufo wrote about the rise in the number of trial court judges killed due to the decisions they handed. In 2007, "at least 14 deaths" were recorded among judges.

In some cases, the masterminds were powerful and influential enough that the police would rather look the other way, complains the family of Tayug Judge Oscar Uson in Pangasinan.

In Dagupan City where we traced them, Uson's family insists he was killed by two bodyguards of a mayor. This, after the judge scolded in full court a lawyer who was close to the mayor.

His younger brother, Rizalino Uson, says Pangasinense police reported facing a blank wall on the case, although they could easily establish the motive. Their only consolation was that their main suspect has died.

Diocos admits that the police force does not only lack the resources but investigative skills as well. He says this is now being addressed with law enforcers getting refresher investigative courses like backtracking or profiling of victims.

Amid all these efforts, however, there is no denying that justice continues to be denied the slain judges.

Eight years later, the impunity continued, prompting Rappler to republish Rufo's piece.

Regional Trial Court Branch 84 Presiding Judge Wilfredo Nieves in Malolos, Bulacan, was killed in November 2015. He was remembered for having sentenced to 30 years in prison Raymond Dominguez, a suspected leader of the Dominguez car theft gang operating in Metro Manila and Central Luzon.

This year, as the season for choosing the country's next leader heats up, Mocha Uson – a victim's daughter who just happens to be a celebrity – hopes to make addressing criminality a campaign issue. Rappler.com 


Campaign period for nat'l bets starts Feb 9, so what?

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START. The official campaign period begins on February 9. Graphic by Alejandro Edoria

MANILA, Philippines – Aspirants for national positions in government are expected to up the ante as the campaign season for the 2016 polls begins on Tuesday, February 9.

Yes, even if Filipinos have probably spotted one too many campaign materials, watched campaign commercials, and have heard about or seen sorties across the country, the official campaign period is just getting started.

Given that most aspirants are all but reclusive before the period, what is expected to happen starting February 9? Rappler explains its importance:

Why February 9?

The Omnibus Election Code (OEC) of the Philippines states that the campaign period for national candidates starts 90 days before election day.

For 2016, election day falls on May 9 – or 3 months after February 9. Campaigns of candidates for national positions will end on May 7.

On the other hand, the campaign period for candidates for the House of Representatives and positions in the regional, provincial, city and municipal government runs from March 25 to May 7. Campaigning, however, is banned on March 25 due to the observance of Good Friday.

In August 2015, the Commission on Elections (Comelec) eyed the possibility of extending the campaign period to “level the playing field” for all candidates. However, it later junked this as the poll body does not have the authority to extend the period. (READ: What good will a longer election campaign period do?)

The election period, which already started last January 10, ends on June 8. The Comelec decided to start the election period a month earlier than what is stated in the OEC – 90 days before and 30 days after election day itself.

From aspirants to official candidates

More than a hundred individuals expressed their desire to run for top positions during the filing of certificates of candidacy in October 2015. However, the list has been stripped of nuisance candidates and withdrawn aspirants in recent months.

The start of the campaign season marks the time that “aspirants”, become "official candidates".

Section 11 of Republic Act No. 8436, as amended by Section 13 of Republic Act No. 9369, says that Comelec-approved COC filers "shall only be considered as a candidate at the start of the campaign period."

As of February 8, a total of 5 individuals are vying to succeed President Benigno Aquino III, while 6 are aspiring for the vice presidential post in the May 9 polls. (READ: Who is running for president, vice president | 2016 Elections)

Meanwhile, 56 candidates are aiming for a spot in the Senate's magic 12, according to latest data from the Comelec. (READ: Who is running for senator | 2016 Elections)

REGULATED SPENDING. Under the Omnibus Election Code, candidates have spending limit during the campaign period.

Time to 'strictly' follow rules

Because they are already official candidates, they are now expected to follow rules and regulations set by the Comelec during the campaign period. Failure to comply may result in election offenses with corresponding sanctions.

These rules mostly cover campaign finance and campaign materials.

Campaign spending is limited under the OEC. Presidential and vice presidential candidates are allowed to spend only P10 per voter. Other candidates who are supported by political parties are allowed P3 while those with no support are allowed up to P5 per voter.

Political parties and party-list groups are allowed to spend up to P5 per voter.

To track their expenditures, the Comelec requires candidates, political parties, and party-list groups to submit their Statements of Contributions and Expenditures (SOCE). Overspending, based on existing rules, can lead to sanctions. (READ: How much candidates should be spending? Netizens weigh in)

Candidates, however, are required to document their finances only within the campaign period. Despite the numerous campaign advertisements prior to the set period, such expenses are not counted in the SOCE and “premature campaigning” is not considered an election offense at this time. (EXPLAINER: Why 'candidates' can spend so much and not report it)

But now that candidates are expected to follow the existing rules in the campaign trail or else face sanctions, voters should be vigilant and report violations. (READ: Comelec asks netizens to report campaign offenses)

Meanwhile, election propaganda in any medium – print and television, among others – is regulated under the Fair Elections Act. For example, printed materials such as leaflets, stickers, and pamphlets, among others, should not exceed 8 and 1/2 inches in width and 14 inches in length.

Materials can be posted only in designated common areas. Those posted on public structures such as road traffic signs and sidewalks, among others, are deemed "unlawful campaign materials."

TV and radio advertisement limits, meanwhile, are as follows:

 National candidatesLocal candidates
Television adsMaximum of 120 minutes per stationMaximum of 60 minutes per station
Radio adsMaximum of 180 minutes per stationMaximum of 90 minutes per station

Additional prohibited acts for campaign period

The start of the campaign period also implies the strict observance of additional rules and regulations set by the Comelec:

For the campaign period for local candidates, prohibited acts include appointment/hiring of new employees, creation of new positions, salary increases, and release/disbursement of public funds, among others. (READ: Calendar of activities, list of bans for 2016 elections)

The above restrictions are in addition to certain acts already prohibited during the election period. These include the gun ban and use of security personnel and/or bodyguards by those seeking positions unless authorized by the poll body, among others.  (READ: What are not allowed when election period start)

The Comelec has also set up election security checkpoints across the country. (INFOGRAPHIC: What to expect at Comelec checkpoints)

Top candidates will be all but passive as they compete to lead the Philippines for the next 6 years. The next 3 months –  the period of discernment and decision-making by Filipino voters – are going to be critical. – Rappler.com

What’s not working for Mar Roxas?

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IMAGE PROBLEM. Mar Roxas with voters. Photo courtesy of Roxas campaign

MANILA, Philippines – Manuel “Mar” Roxas II has been through highs and lows since July 31, 2015, when President Benigno Aquino III anointed him the torchbearer of “Daang Matuwid.” 

His numbers shot up after the endorsement. But as the official campaign period begins on Tuesday, February 9, Roxas is stuck at 20-22% – despite all the war chest behind him.

According to the latest surveys, the Liberal Party (LP) standard-bearer either ranks 3rd or is statistically tied for 2nd with opposition standard-bearer Vice President Jejomar Binay.

What would it take to win the 2016 elections?

Issue 1: Identity crisis

Roxas has been a lot of things in his more than two decades in politics. That's why he hasn't made any headway so far.

He started as the reluctant politician who morphed into “Mr Palengke”, dancing and charming his way to garner the most votes in the 2004 senatorial race.

He’s been called “Boy Bawang” after a dramatic stunt to oppose former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s plan to change the Constitution. In 2010, he was the man who put “bayan bago sarili (country before self)" when he let go of his presidential dreams to make way for Aquino.

Today, he is the “Pambato ng Daang Matuwid (Champion of the Straight Path),” who promises to continue and strengthen the gains of the current administration. 

WHICH IS WHICH? Mr Palengke drops the 'palengke' image in this campaign. Photo courtesy of Roxas campaign

And there lies the problem: Roxas’ messaging has been erratic at best – or a failure at worst – in the last two decades. The same problem plagues him now.

Last year’s opening salvo was a dramatic ad of Aquino declaring that there was “no one else” but Roxas. 

This was followed by a flashy and celebrity-packed “Fast Forward” music video, which earned online ire. There were a series of ads that trumpeted the gains of “Daang Matuwid” through testimonies of beneficiaries. 

They all fell flat – if his survey ratings are an indication.

This year, Roxas seems to have finally found his groove through stripped-down ads that saw him admitting he was “boring” while boasting that he gets the work done and most importantly, that he does not steal. 

Is Roxas a straightforward, no-frills technocrat or is he Aquino 2.0? According to sources from within Roxas’ camp, the two need not be separate; the challenge is to weave both narratives into one. 

But can his camp fine tune this message enough to bag a seat in Malacañang? 

University of the Philippines political science professor Aries Arugay said the problem is that between “bayan bago sarili” and “Pambato ng Daang Matuwid,’ Roxas somehow “got lost.” 

“His image before was that of a technocrat, a financial mind. Why do you think he was number 1 senator? Why was he entrusted these Cabinet portfolios? He needs to go back to the Mar Roxas before 2010,” Arugay told Rappler.

But it might be too late to heed that advice, since neither Roxas nor the ruling party has any plans of revising their campaign message. At most, said “Daang Matuwid” coalition spokesman Marikina Representative Romero Quimbo, they need to change or improve on how they communicate “Daang Matuwid.” 

Issue 2: Steer clear of controversy 

It’s a no-brainer for any candidate to dream of a controversy-free run. But there have been times when Roxas himself courted, or at least entertained, controversy.  

Late 2015, Roxas found himself in a heated word war with friend-turned-foe Duterte. 

It started when the Davao mayor accused Roxas of being behind rumors Duterte had cancer, a claim Roxas and the LP quickly denied and never downplayed. But Duterte seemed to still begrudge Roxas for his supposed treachery. 

Months later, Roxas fired back when he said the notion of Davao being the country’s safest city was a mere “myth.” Duterte hit back, accusing Roxas of incompetence in the aftermath of Typhoon Yolanda (Haiyan) before claiming that the interior secretary was lying about his Wharton degree. The Davao mayor said he’d slap Roxas should they cross paths in the campaign.

WORD WAR. Mar Roxas and Rodrigo Duterte engage in a verbal tussle even before the official start of the campaign period.

A visibly peeved Roxas faced the media days after and challenged Duterte to a slap-dare should he prove that his Wharton degree existed. The verbal tussle escalated into a fist-fight challenge, a gun duel dare, before Roxas finally backed down and called on Duterte to a debate. 

Rival politicians were quick to criticize the two for the exchange. It seemed out of character for Roxas, usually nonchalant about “baseless” allegations, to flare up like that. 

And while they traded barbs over media, Binay was busy pressing flesh, keeping quiet, working to regain the numbers he had lost. 

There are some issues that are simply hurled against Roxas. At the height of uncertainly about disqualification cases against her before the Commission on Elections (Comelec), Poe accused Roxas and Binay of being behind moves to take her out of the race. 

Binay was quick to deny this, pointing out that he, too, has been a victim of unfair attacks. 

The ruling LP, whose party chairman appointed the officials in Comelec, found it much more difficult to deflect those accusations. Both Roxas and his party deny having a hand in any of the cases against Poe, whom they once tried to woo as a vice presidential bet. 

Issue 3: Will ‘Daang Matuwid’ work? 

Ask any stalwart of the ruling party and the answer to the question is easy: of course it will. 

For LP members and supporters, “Daang Matuwid” is as real as can be in the form of programs that aim to redistribute wealth, universal health care, and a budgeting process that supposedly “empowers” the regular Filipino. 

But for Arugay, “the people who think that things need to be continued, and it's only the status quo that needs to be preserved, are those who are living in a bubble.” 

The LP is quick to admit this: banking on the promised continuity also means taking on the failures of the current administration. 

Step one should be Roxas owning up to the mistakes of the administration.

The party says they’ve already worked on this, and promises the release of a “general program of action” which will detail Roxas’ plans to address the country’s problems, including the shortcomings of Aquino.  

AQUINO 2.0. Will President Aquino's endorsement of his anointed one, Mar Roxas, work wonders? Photo courtesy of Malacañang Photo Bureau

Roxas and his running mate Camarines Sur Representative Leni Robredo’s numbers soared post-endorsement but tapered in the months that followed. Is this how “Daang Matuwid” works? 

Arugay said it’s the effect of a “campaign in denial.” 

“It's denying a lot of things by portraying that things are good, we just want to work and build on it and expand it. They’re not good. You see it every day. You see the lack of governance, the lack of government presence everyday. Traffic, crime, lack of infrastructure,” he added. 

The LP hopes Aquino’s popularity and overall good satisfaction ratings will boost their candidates’ numbers, particular during the official campaign period when Aquino is expected to push aggressively for his bets. 

Again, Arugay sees a flaw in that plan. “The assumption is that the way Philippine politics is conducted is based on institutions or based on affiliations, and not personal. But it’s personal. Aquino’s satisfaction ratings are his. It’s not transferrable,” he said. 

The Roxas campaign is set to expound more on “Daang Matuwid” while also focusing on Roxas’ strengths – particularly, his track record both in the legislative and executive branches of government as a financial expert. 

“He needs to tell us what he plans to do differently from Aquino. Because there are differences between the two. You see it in the statements of Roxas that he seems to have a different approach. But what is that approach? He’s being too careful not to veer away from Aquino. If that’s the case, then he’s unlikely to get votes,” said Arugay. 

Issue 4: All aboard, no jumping ship 

Roxas was among the first presidential bets to announce a 2016 run, second only to Binay. 

With every addition of a popular candidate to the race came rumors of LP members jumping ship to find a more “viable” candidate. Mouthpieces of the party were quick to downplay those rumors, but Roxas was a little more pragmatic. 

Amid reports that a handful LP members from Mindanao were going to support Duterte instead, Roxas simply said “that’s how democracy works.” 

LP members from all over the country took turns reiterating their support for the president-on-leave, insisting that neither regional affiliations nor survey ratings could sway them to the other side.

But if his numbers continue to be lackluster as the campaign progresses, Roxas is in danger of seeing last-minute changes of heart, particularly in local races. 

Local races could also prove to be tricky for the LP, particularly in areas where an LP member is running against a politician who is not a member of, but is allied with, the LP.

One colorful example is the province of Laguna, where the LP forged an alliance with local Nacionalista Party members led by Governor Ramil Hernandez. Hernandez has the incumbent vice governor, an NP member, as his running mate. But Provincial Board Member Angelica Jones, a member of the LP, is also running for vice governor. During recent sorties in Laguna, Roxas made it a point to give attention to both candidates, being careful not to call either of them “the next vice governor.” 

Making sure that local gatekeepers stay yellow until the end will be crucial. All politics is local, after all. – Rappler.com

SC sets another hearing, moves slowly on Poe case

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TAKING THEIR SWEET TIME. The Philippine Supreme Court. File photo courtesy of SC-PIO

MANILA, Philippines – Will candidate Grace Poe stay in the presidential race or not? 

This question continues to be left unanswered as the Supreme Court plodded through issues surrounding her eligibility cases in its 4th oral arguments on Tuesday, February 9.

The earliest that the Court is expected to hand down a decision is in March.

Not far from the Supreme Court, in Plaza Miranda, Poe kicked off her campaign rally with a cloud of uncertainty hovering over her as well as her supporters.

The Commission on Elections (Comelec) has canceled Poe’s certificate of candidacy (COC) because she supposedly lacks 10-year residency and is not a natural-born citizen, basic requirements for the highest public office. She elevated these cases to the Supreme Court.

As if removed from the urgency of the situation, the Court has scheduled another hearing on February 16 after which the parties are to file their memoranda.

This appears to be a reprise of the timeline of Fernando Poe Jr’s citizenship case which the Court resolved in March 2004, only 2 months before the elections. While the Court is after a “full ventilation of the issues,” it is not, however, isolated from national events.

Prolonged, repetitive

The oral arguments have been prolonged, becoming repetitive at some point as some justices have turned these into part lectures, consuming hours dwelling on issues that had already been aired and responded to by the counsels.

“Theoretically, justices can do anything they want during an oral argument. After all, they are the final arbiters,” says former judge and Supreme Court administrator Zenaida Elepaño, who lectures on the conduct of oral arguments. Elepaño has attended most of the oral arguments on Poe.

Ideally, however, it should be a “common quest for more knowledge and enlightenment about the issues and how a resolution can be arrived at that applies the law squarely to the facts of the case,” she explains.

In the Philippine setting, the justices exchange views mainly through their decisions, dissents and reflections – all written. Rarely do they debate among themselves in their weekly en banc deliberations because their agenda is full, considering their huge loads of cases. Thus, the oral arguments have served to be the justices’ sounding boards as well as opportunities for them to answer each other or comment on colleagues’ views albeit obliquely.

DUE PROCESS. Justice Francis Jardeleza (right) in a file photo. File photo by Rappler

Due process, survey

In Tuesday's latest round of oral arguments, which stretched to more than 4 hours, Justice Francis Jardeleza fixed his attention on 2 things: first, that the Comelec failed to discuss evidence in its decision; and second, in doing so, it may have deprived Poe of due process.

“You didn’t make findings of fact in your decisions,” Jardeleza told Comelec Commissioner Arthur Lim, the poll body’s counsel. “You decided on a question of law. I’m asking for facts.”

To which Lim, whom Jardeleza acknowledged as a “seasoned litigator,” replied: “We made specific findings of facts. The facts were admitted…A judge is not required to discuss each evidence in detail... It’s a matter of style. What is primordial is we grappled with the question: is a foundling a natural-born citizen?”  

As for due process, Lim said that the camp of Poe did not ask for extensive hearings and her lawyer, George Garcia, described it as a simple case anchored on international laws.

Jardeleza, a former solicitor general, said he has “agonized” over this case and remains to be “bothered” and “conflicted” because it is a difficult one with no precedents to guide the Court.

Justice Bienvenido Reyes, who spoke for the first time in this series of oral arguments, appeared to be on the side of Poe and said that she apparently filled up her COC in  “good faith” but she was “not familiar with the intricacies of law.” He cited the decision of the Senate Electoral Tribunal (SET) saying Poe is a natural-born citizen.

Lim replied that the SET decision came after Poe filed her COC for president and that it is not yet part of the law of the land because it is still pending before the Court.

Reyes also raised a point not directly related to the case, that Poe leads the latest surveys.

This may be an indication that some of the justices have an eye on surveys when they make their decisions.

Justice Lucas Bersamin also spoke for the first time and clarified issues regarding dual citizenship.

Leaning towards Poe

So far, the views of 3 justices, all appointees of President Benigno Aquino III, show they are leaning towards Poe: Chief Justice Maria Lourdes SerenoJustices Marvic Leonen and Jardeleza.

They do not necessarily agree with each other, however, on the reasons for their positions.

Sereno uses adoption laws to show that foundlings are natural-born citizens although Justice Antonio Carpio has disputed this. Jardeleza relies on an expansive interpretation of due process and the rules on evidence. Leonen has said that the Court should defer to a popular political process, elections. (READ: Leonen: Should SC let people decide first on Poe?)

Three justices are expected to decide against Poe – Carpio, Teresita de Castro and Arturo Brion – based on their dissents in the SET case. (READ: Why did SC justices vote to disqualify Poe?)

Justice Mariano del Castillo is in charge of the case and will write the decision. – Rappler.com

 

Why she tops surveys again? Grace Poe in her own words...

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LIGHT MOMENT. Presidential candidate Grace Poe (middle) with her running mate Chiz Escudero (right) and senatorial bet Lorna Kapunan indulge Cebu City supporters who want to take their photos on the second day of the campaign on February 10, 2016. Photo by Ryan Macasero/Rappler

Grace Poe flew to Cebu Wednesday morning, February 10, only a few hours after her campaign launch in Plaza Miranda in Manila wrapped up the night before. But she was in a good mood – and had good reason to be so.

The day before, in the morning, a second survey came out, confirming that she had regained the top spot in presidential preference surveys. In the afternoon – just as her proclamation rally had started – Supreme Court Justice Francis Jardeleza's interpellation in the oral arguments on her disqualification case seemed to show he was siding with Poe as a natural-born citizen.

 

So what caused Poe's survey numbers to rise again? Rappler asked for her own analysis at a breakfast press conference in Toledo, Cebu.

Perhaps tired of answering several serious questions before that – about an alleged assassination plot, her disqualification cases, Mamasapano hearings – the candidate tried to lighten the mood.

With several television cameras watching her, Poe pulled the microphone away, looked the Rappler reporter in the eye, and said with a mischievous smile: "My pleasing personality." 

She did give her real analysis afterwards – citing having visited many provinces, her effective advertisements, and what she believes is the elimination of doubts that she is indeed a qualified and viable candidate for president.

But she sure gave reporters a really good laugh. – Ryan Macasero/Rappler.com 

Bongbong in Vigan: Allies campaign for Binay-Marcos ticket

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STAUNCH SUPPORTERS. Ilocos Sur Governor Chavit Singson and Leyte Representative Martin Romualdez join Bongbong Marcos in his visit to various places in the north on the second day of his election sortie on Wednesday, February 10. Photo by Jasmin Dulay/Rappler

One of the most visible figures in vice presidential candidate Ferdinand "Bongbong" Marcos Jr's campaign in Ilocos Sur were Governor Luis "Chavit" Singson and Marcos cousin Leyte Representative Martin Romualdez. 

Singson on Wednesday, February 10, accompanied the son of the late President Ferdinand Marcos in all his sorties, not just in Vigan City, but in the neighboring province of Abra too.

Romualdez, on the other hand, was tapping his ties with the Marcoses to get the Ilocano vote.

But it seems their all-out support for Marcos does not extend to his standard-bearer, Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago. 

Singson has been openly endorsing a Binay-Marcos ticket since 2015, while Romualdez is a senatorial candidate of Vice President Jejomar Binay's United Nationalist Alliance. 

Marcos earlier said his cousin would be part of his and Santiago's senatorial slate, which they would announce soon. But in a quick interview with Rappler, the lawmaker from Leyte said he would be "happy" if a Binay-Marcos partnership "happens." 

With a campaign tagline "malasakit" (compassion), Romualdez said he is supporting someone who shows compassion for others – referring to the Vice President who, he said, had helped a lot of poor people. 

"The campaign is for malasakit and we want to bring back compassion in governance," he added. 

Will the preference of these two key allies influence Bongbong Marcos to abandon his presidential candidate Santiago, who is battling lung cancer?

Marcos shrugged off the suggestion.

“I take Senator Miriam’s [word]. She said she can do it and she has something prepared. If she says she can do it, I believe her that she can do it,” he told reporters. – Patty Pasion/Rappler.com 

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